Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition characterized by the frequent backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing a range of troublesome symptoms. This occurs due to a weakened or malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscular ring that separates the stomach from the esophagus.
Symptoms: Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest that can radiate to the neck and throat, regurgitation, where stomach contents flow back into the mouth, and a persistent sour taste. Some individuals might experience difficulty swallowing, a sensation of a lump in the throat, or nighttime coughing and wheezing.
Causes: Several factors contribute to GERD. Lifestyle habits like overeating, consuming fatty or acidic foods, caffeine, alcohol, smoking, and being overweight can increase the risk. Conditions such as hiatal hernia, which allows the stomach to protrude into the chest through the diaphragm, can also contribute to GERD.
Diagnosis: GERD is typically diagnosed based on symptoms and response to treatment. In cases of severe symptoms or complications, additional tests like endoscopy, pH monitoring to measure acid levels in the esophagus, and esophageal manometry to assess muscle function might be recommended.
Management: Lifestyle modifications are the initial approach to managing GERD. These include eating smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding trigger foods, maintaining a healthy weight, and not lying down right after eating. Over-the-counter antacids or medications that reduce acid production can provide relief. For chronic or severe cases, prescription medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be prescribed to reduce acid production.
Complications: If left untreated, GERD can lead to complications. Esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus lining, can occur, as well as the development of strictures or narrowing of the esophagus. Chronic exposure to stomach acid can also increase the risk of Barrett’s esophagus, a precancerous condition, and esophageal cancer.
Surgical Interventions: In cases where lifestyle modifications and medications are ineffective, surgical options like fundoplication, which involves wrapping the upper part of the stomach around the LES to strengthen it, might be considered.